University of Auckland School Architecture and Planning A STUDY OF TERRITORIALITY AND MATERIALITY THE CASE SIDEWALK SPACES IN HANOI’S ANCIENT QUARTER VIETNAM By ANH-DUNG TA thesis submitted in fulfilment the requirements for Degree Doctor Philosophy Urban Design. 2020 ? Abstract Sidewalk spaces Ancient Quarter Hanoi (AQ) are places where diverse activities occurring throughout day establish a space intense relationality. Exploring AQ sidewalks might produce useful suggestions to create more sociable plural public space one that promotes social interactions spatial connections cultural relations. This study is underpinned by territoriality theory actor-network case studies. The research intent unravel behind-the-scenes relations support preservation certain territories on sidewalks. Territory this not seen as ready-made or immediate consequence an absolute strategy power static never contested but effective control area achieved through constant struggle. From perspective exploration sidewalk can offer valuable insights into how actually used practiced everyday life. further employs theory explore participation materiality territorial network stabilisation. Particularly role be interpreted having salience four intersecting dimensions topology. findings broaden discourse urbanism providing information design. Keywords: Public Hanoi. dedicated my grandmother parents sister. Acknowledgements First foremost I would like express deepest gratitude primary supervisor Associate Professor Manfredo Manfredini who supported me from beginning completion study. Without his tireless spirit continuous immense knowledge could have gone far. Manfredini also gave opportunities participate interesting projects teaching activities which helped financially importantly broadened with inspiring researchers. am deeply grateful Emilio Garcia co-supervisor critical comments advice encouraged find own voice build confidence research. My sincere thanks go colleagues our group – Farzad Zamani Oluwafemi Ayodeji Olajide Nguyen Van Vuong Raja Jusmartinah Sergio Rugik Gomes Tran Vi Xin Tian thoughtful conversations advice all ups downs last five years. Our shared meals coffee times always beautiful memories mind. assistance provided best friends Dao Thuy Chi Hoang Minh Cuong Phong during data collection process was greatly appreciated. wish extend special National Civil Engineering department Technology (in Vietnam) creating favourable conditions step career. Last least extremely sister believing encouraging hard journey. been possible without love them them. Table Contents Abstract 3 Acknowledgements 5 Contents 7 List Figures 11 1 Introduction 15 1.1 Introduction Vietnamese traditional space 15 1.2 urban civilisation agenda clearance campaign capital city 17 1.3 The problem definition 20 1.4 The area 20 1.5 Theoretical framework 23 1.6 Research aims objectives questions 24 1.6.1 Research aims 24 1.6.2 objectives 24 1.6.3 1.7 Thesis structure 25 2 Emerging Territoriality Actor-Network theory 29 2.1 Public Western cities 29 2.1.1 meaning space 30 2.1.2 privatisation narrative loss 32 2.1.3 Counter focus residual areas Everyday urbanism 36 2.2 Public context 37 2.2.1 lack democratic tradition 38 2.2.2 Transformation state-society change use space 39 2.2.3 space 42 2.2.4 contested areas 46 2.3 Addressing gap literature significance study 49 2.4 Territoriality Territorology 51 2.5 Actor-network actant perspective territoriality 53 2.5.1 world heterogeneous materials 54 2.5.2 Network topology territoriality 58 2.6 Concluding remarks 63 3 Methodology 67 3.1 Interpretivism ontological epistemological foundation 67 3.1.1 Key features design 70 3.2 Case strategy 72 3.2.1 Case-study approach 72 3.2.2 Single-case design 74 3.2.3 Single embedded cases 75 3.3 Purposeful sampling Pilot study 75 3.3.1 Criteria selection studies 80 3.3.2 boundary cases 81 3.4 Schedule duration process 83 3.5 Gaining access community 84 3.6 Data methods 85 3.6.1 Observations 87 3.6.2 Photographic video recordings 89 3.6.3 Interviews 91 3.6.4 Documentation techniques 94 3.7 Data processing - Bringing together 95 3.8 Concluding remarks 102 4 stabilized networks 105 4.1 The identification different their 4.1.1 Roving vendor territory its network 106 4.1.2 Fixed stall network 125 4.1.3 Local resident network 135 4.1.4 Storekeeper network 141 4.2 Concluding remarks 149 4.2.1 Empirical findings 149 4.2.2 Theoretical suggestions 152 5 territoriality 155 5.1 Network materiality 155 5.1.1 Territorial body 155 5.1.2 network 164 5.1.3 sort 170 5.1.4 multiplicity 173 5.2 Concluding remarks 179 5.2.1 findings 179 5.2.2 suggestions 182 6 Conclusion 185 6.1 Addressing questions 186 6.2 Contribution theories 188 6.3 Implications 190 6.4 Limitations directions future research 191 7 Appendices 193 7.1 Appendix A: Samples obversation notes 193 7.2 Appendix B: Videos were split smaller pieces analysis 194 7.3 Appendix C: Interview IDs 195 7.4 Appendix D: Ethics approval 196 7.5 Appendix E: Sample coding process 197 8 Reference 199 Figures Figure 1: Royal City (left) (right). (Map 1PL-1715-4. Source: archive (modified author). 21 2: Typical street section prior French colonial period 19th century. Mangement Board. 22 3: outline 27 conceptual model learned (left) developed (right). 65 topological materiality. 65 Map (simulation) sidewalk’s at Dinh Liet Street p.m. weekday. Author 77 Persistent Luong Ngoc Quyen Author 78 sites selected territories. Please note boundaries shown map indications only. Author. 83 4: camera wide-angle lens set up continuously record segment. Author 90 5: research’s methodological framework 101 scrap collector showed money she earned after day. Author. 108 vendors mainly move momentarily approached buyers when necessary avoid law enforcement. Author. 110 tended territorialise close kerb. Author. 111 turned corner cross ward border police patrolled. 112 Ward AQ. Management Board. 113 6: noodle seller’s occupancy early morning Hang Ngang-Hang a.m. 12 To Tich Lane (middle) Trong (right). 115 7: bootblack kept going back forth crossing. 117 8: went between particular stores Street. Author. 118 9: beverage store Gai water toilet seller (top left). lunch time right). Patrons gathered groups sit talk around (bottom motorbike taxi driver bought tofu nearby fresh market seller. He delivered customers required Author. 121 10: left bag front acquainted often let him stay doorstep break. Author. 122 11: her pushcart cardboards wholesaler 12: network. 125 13: Stall edge building sidewalk. Author 128 14: food tea Author. 129 15: Left: Other users walk roadway. Middle: Indoor living furniture placed Right: fixed rearranging spot there no customers. Author. 130 16: officials remind people about policy yet they ignored vendor’s infringement. Author. 131 17: using services even around. Author. 132 18: Neighbours looked 19: clothing free accommodate stand. 20: network. 135 21: residents meals conversing group babysitting within structures. Author 138 22: local “jumped” another. Author. 139 23: young woman owner Author. 140 24: network. 141 25: Store encroachments spaces. Author. 142 26: Stores generally open frontages overarching canopies. Author. 145 27: vehicle intentionally segment Be mark two adjoining stores’ Author. 146 28: storekeeper network. 149 29: final (right). 154 Electric boxes employed secure occupancy. Author. 157 hiding behind parked car official patrolled. Low kerbs Author. 158 pack stuff carrying pole. Author. 159 collecting stuff. There almost other (left). thus walked roadway interfering (right). 161 Most façade. Author. 162 tend stretch out canopies cover whole width. Author. 163 slum proximity Board’s plan modified author. 165 Long Bien transit author 166 Examples passage number things. Author. 168 Tourist destinations AQ: Thang Citadel St Joseph’s Cathedral Dong Xuan night market Hoan Kiem lake Ly Thai monument (from author. 170 journey Dao Lane (left Author. 172 Trees generate multiple uses users. Author. 175 territorialities. Author. 176 Da mall author. 178 territories. 180 collected confirm advance theory. 183 1 1.1 Introduction culture distinct context notion unlike perspective. idealised socio-political platform gather raise contest rulers’ authority rather controlled rulers manifest governance. common agreement among experts revealed recent studies Kurfürst (2012) Boudreau (2015) that (1873-1954) place Vietnam fits term “public space” it understood countries. “Public translates “Khong gian cong cong” does belong tradition imported (Boudreau et al. 2015). first introduced including gardens parks squares cities (Duong 2010). equate communal such village house temple pagoda these accessible restricted age gender education level (Kurfürst 2012). Closely examining house (Dinh) widely considered shows attached clearly West. In feudal period representation three overlapping spheres: sacrality officialdom community worship associated sacred heaven because emperor usually linked heaven mediator holy mundane subject emperor’s governance administrative institution authorities assembled manage affairs: calls enlistment notices new dynastic rules tax collection trials disputes villagers It main meeting place important socio-cultural events planting harvesting festivals performances popular operas dance music ceremonies celebrated 2012 Le 1993). Even so did function arena debates actions generated outside West exclusive under supervision either council Acknowledging ruling Loan (2016) writes: Each individual appears independence emperor readiness comply regulations ... maximize comfort freedom each individual clarify hierarchy society so everyone had follow. Therefore form infrastructure serving existence feudalism. (p. 5) agreement Drummond (2000) observes: Vietnam however little evidence sphere nor manifest whether pre-colonial colonial post-colonial. Prior colonialism direct conventions Council Notables. These included (Chua)—both according status well rice paddies (which farmed communally allocated periods various members deemed worthy/needy fund rituals temple). (pp. 2380-2381) She concludes: brief then has history spaces vacuum filled authority emperor/state Western-style discussion expression. 2382) While “official” houses temples pagodas implemented top-down ruler away domain include gates riverbanks vacant lands streets study interest focuses unofficial attempts disentangle ordinary people. following sections will introduce define motivates 1.2 The city lives semantics. “Street” “con-pho” prefix “con” describe creatures than inanimate objects. indicates Vietnamese mere traffic artery fleeting movement ecosystem walks life perform varied activities. habit encroaching personal commercial still present cities. Diverse practices cooking eating babysitting playing exchanging information advertising goods selling purchasing easily streets. As explained Cerise Maximy (2010) practice appropriating integrated personal purposes reflects rural lifestyle inherited generation generation. farmers spacious yards drying agricultural products hanging clothes playing children gossiping neighbours retain treating similarly (Cerise Maximy demarcation hence fixed short-lived variable transient. Or puts it system public-private inversion hybrid. play accommodating wide range government years exercised power restrict street. particular since 2008 issuing series renewal strategies eliminate “inappropriate” intention “well organised” “modern” streetscape asset improve nation’s image attract international investment. ambition expressed announcement former Chairman needed clear modern world-class (VOV 2008). actualise ambition 2009 preparation 1000-year anniversary 2010 inaugurated extensive ensure appearance organisation top shape memorial event. full banners inscriptions “Hanoi Green Clean Beautiful” Civilised City”. City utmost importance key concept drive. based assumption success failure ideology. stated article published Hanoi’s website (ThangLongHanoi cited Coe 2015) entitled Discussing the of civilised city are: face city. evaluate intellectual population. That here everything from make judgments … natural landscape architecture housing street display wares passing traffic sanitation civility commerce way customs communication conducts oneself every human activity. 622) One idea should respect ownership thereby making private rigid essential (Harm 2009). considers public facilitate movement. characterises widespread invading disordered “the jungle” threatens need demarcate (Hanoimoi 2017 Harm order ideology improvement policies enacted crack down informal occupation practices. policy issued ban roving vendors’ 62 48 historical monuments After ten 2017 made attack domestic infringements. severity illustrated report 2017 People's Committee District central district (Kinhte &Dothi 2017): days (27-28/2/2017) 1562 mobilised regain pedestrian usages. 297 cases violation managed. fines amounted 242 million VND…The seized 235 tables chairs types dismantled 81 roofs tarpaulins umbrellas billboards. (para. 6) experimented approaches improving streetscape. An example renovation boards Tan Street dimension position colour homogenised. distance ground 3.2 metres 3.3 metres while height only painted colours blue red regardless store’s business. More recently another experiment carried homogenise Thon’s construct columns shophouses delimit “chaotic appearance” frontage. aim coordinated eventually applied definition Sweeping many rooted sidewalk government pushes space. observed researchers Harm (2009) DiGregorio (2012) objective benefit general public. private regulated homogenized protection poor undesirable what rising middle-class wants (DiGregorio consequence becoming those consume goes against vision right promoted New Agenda (UN Habitat 2017) envisages settlements that: … participatory promote civic engagement engender sense belonging ownership inhabitants prioritise safe inclusive accessible green quality friendly families enhance intergenerational expressions political participation appropriate foster cohesion inclusion safety peaceful pluralistic societies needs inhabitants met recognising specific vulnerable situations. (p.5) And led crusade drastic ancient quarter here onwards AQ) cultural social economic centre During 1010 1858) comprised parts Commoners’ City latter (Phe & Nishimura 1990) (Figure 1-1). played traders across country goods before distributing them City. old name Hanoi Ke Cho implies focal area. author). described dynasty 1464 1990). 36 trading separated containing merchandise sold (Ministry Construction 1999). Today we trace names streets presence houses deities 17th century missionaries merchants estimated 20000 homes AQ population large Europe (Ho characteristics highlighted historians Duong Ho Masson (2010) follows: • The spontaneously planned. width narrow (only metres) paved bad materials. • Street encroached 1-2). marketplace neither indoor markets exclusively reserved fairs held six days moving pm impossible. • Sanitation amenities paid attention. Drainage systems lighting unknown architectural interest. Board. historians’ descriptions 2010 Ho 2009 Masson 2010) likely another interactions. Equally importantly seems separation certain due uses. reason why sidewalks instead being transformed movement directed micro-territories There life complex sets relationships chances preserve such exemplify defined emergent site insurgent citizenship Crawford (1995) magical encounters Watson (2006) loose Franck Stevens (2007) Hou (2010). Inspired authors discover appropriations spatio-material factors process. Before discussing questions give introduction theories address framework borrows lenses examine origin development chapter 2. But now briefly summarise points meaningful concerns controls behaviours. investigate maintain phenomenon product by-product effect socio-material contestation. appropriated conflicting ways dominated strategy. grassroots practised. implement stabilised ongoing process crucial enables seeing phenomenon transforming changing. exist network matters elements act towards others consequences extent consequences reverberate association stability. Once generates things accomplished. view persistence captured stabilisation networks. Moreover recognises contribution theorists (Kärrholm 2007 Latour 1992 Sayes 2014) comprises non-human components influences much former. point view opens examination built environment production territories crucial field Combining offers theoretical instrument analyse unveil relations state transforming impacts daily questions 1.6.1 Research aims critique turn user-friendly driven logic profit. argues design Using research bottom-up approach explores people components provide guidance policymakers planners designers 1.6.2 Research • To impact establishment dynamics 1.6.3 Research questions: • How produced reproduced spaces? territories? interested occasions planned events. sub-questions • Who territorialising • What behaviours? do assemble affect roles territorialisation process? structure composed chapters 1-3). Chapter offered background Information definition area theories aim objectives introduced. emerging relevance highlights elaborates concepts questions. methodology analysed paving empirical chapters. demonstrates analysis clarifies interact Such help question: How represents second discloses contribute identified chapter addresses revisits discussions previous finally bridges relation concludes noting limitations suggesting outline 2 The discusses sections. Section 2.1 reviews ideas studying smoothing better understanding happening Asian particular. 2.2 follows literature showing correlation given 2.1-2.2 2.3. Apart review develops 2.4 introduces Brighenti’s Kärrholm’s approach relevant adopted 2.5 concentrates justifying usefulness territoriality. section actant elaborated. 2.6 concluding summarising dicussed chapter. literature. sub-sections (2.1.1-2.1.3) accordance ideas. Sub-section presents plural society. captures dominant theme literature: loss argument story losing discussed phenomena commodification contemporary hand contradictory flow thought challenges loss. counter appear possibilities reclaim irrespective growth privatised attempt shed lights 2.2. 2.1.1 The indispensable constituent plays variety roles physical socio-cultural political. If consider sum integral part. forms squares marketplaces –public means locations (Czarnowski 1982 Ercan Moughtin setting significances. serves physical communication brings together class ethnicity makes ready encounter exchange discuss aspects (Carr Francis 1989 Francis Madanipour 1995 Talen 2000). images identity just major monuments parks commonly overlooked With Jacobs (1961) “Think comes mind? Its city’s look interesting looks interesting if dull dull" (p.29). normally pertaining past events reminds mutual pride 1992). base creation coherence backgrounds interests bonded Lynch Mehta 2013 Added honours symbolic values society enhancing integration solidarity (Ercan 2007). culture democracy performed Greek agora. very democracy recognised inseparable inclusionary encourages action Argued "public gathering socializing recreation protests demonstrations” 2). regards Czarnowski (1986) states good original “principal contact passage ideas fight carnival funeral protest celebration” 207). provides platform become visible groups spark take demonstrations marches rallies (Loukaitou-Sideris 1998). Notwithstanding segments disagreements conflicts learn live together resolve differences stand rights justice freedom demonstrating counterweight emphasized theorists. most works Arendt (1958) Habermas (1991). Although propose models realm/public sphere both assert necessity independently coexists . (1991) abstract confined boundary dialogue opinions debates. discursive individuals collectives upon authority. Conversely (1958) conceptualises realm potential acting speaking men”. Her spatial emphasizing visibility equal participants agreements concerns real collective actions autonomous spheres. acknowledges competitive (agonistic) characterised share affairs. sub-section sheds light setting stage next part think meanings threatened gradually lost 2.1.2 The contributions inclusive recognised. However distorted drivers global competition nations forces consumption nodes accordingly shifts planning vision efficient consume (Jayne 2005 Miles Miles 2004). context centres investments elites. exemplified growing demand construction improvement existing world. characteristic involvement sector aspects: financing designing constructing operating managing prioritised releases financial burdens management (Defilippis 1997 Hodkinson Loukaitou-Sideris 1993 1999 Minton Németh Schmidt 2011). Despite contributions takes risks profits (Harvey underlying aligns promoting return investment developers. Loukaitou-Sideris Banerjee (1998) become “a purposeful effectively sought mould corporatist economy subordinate profit” 278). shifted delicate balance decisively favour former treated commodity (Inroy 2000 now decades authors disciplines acknowledged erosion urbanism Davis (1992) investigating Los Angeles describes fortress excluding have-nots dirt like. depicted militarised carefully designed limit For instance benches curved cannot lie park sprinklers deter homeless malls libraries patrolled prevent undesirable helicopters scan night. fortification deep shaped exclude groups. sociological standpoint Sennett (1992) decay taken precedence over impersonal. People withdraw solitude personalities industrial products wear use psychological characters Gradually less desires. authenticity expose true characters. unbalanced empty manifested dead cities few longer over-determined diminish diversity multiplicity (Sennett 2017). Putnam (1995 1996) lines statistics comparisons coins “bowling alone” metaphor decline networks norms trust American attributes several factors engagement women employment breakdown family unit policies exposure television privatization leisure same vein Barber (1998 2008) appeals illuminating exists authorities relive citizens. (2008) today’s prioritises demands ideal answer “what want” need” 75). once regarded symbol civil good voluntary “private” devoted good. therefore loses capacity emancipate autonomy democracy. According 2008) interrelated bounding problem: consumerism globalisation. Consumerism refers transformation citizens consumers ask want debate issues. On globalisation intensifies upgrades level favouring triumphant consumerism. Bounded phenomena “we may survive clansmen cease citizens” pp. 40-41). geographical Mitchell (1995) struggle People’s Park Berkeley California identify perceptions fact homeless banned epitomises challenge normative Caldeira 2020) (2000 2005 2006) maintains socio-cultural-political opportunity lost. anthropological walls conducive people’s Caldeira’s São Paulo Davis’s Angeles. (high fences) surveillance devices (CCTV cameras) constrain unexpected areas. vanishes. Also 2006) examines plazas historic beaches reaches conclusion largely middle-class. facing threat unused noted Whyte (1980 1988) significantly threats control management desirability diversity. (2006) kind disuse patterns design reduce (p.44). hidden part covers successfully counters aforesaid 2.1.3 Counter dominant emerges confront some (Davis Sennett Sorkin Zukin 1995) “erosion” “decline” “death” “end” universal enduring (Mitchell 1995). ways remake redefine heavily pioneered Chase al. (1999) Criticizing loss (1999) scholars’ attention kinds areas lots yards garages “insurgent” vendors immigrants reshape instances arenas. Urbanism alternative “eliminates professionals users specialised knowledge experience” 12). Looking influential century Kaliski planners pay act. Publics: (Dis)enchantments Encounters investigates unplanned marginal globe encounters interstices monumental divided segregated thematised capture 5). interest (2007) unpredicted spontaneous risks loosen apart aesthetically behaviourally homogenous ‘theme’ nothing unpredictable must occur” 3). looseness appropriate diversely underused San Francisco Seattle Vancouver Toronto Berlin Tokyo Beijing Taipei. hand confirms highly regulated other reveal achieve greater freedom. acts despite momentary nature recognise nature suggest Influenced endeavors needs campaign. show organised 2.2.4. disentangles eastern conceive start actions see themes 2.2.2 acknowledging Vietnam. 2.2.3 corresponding effects arising 2.2.4 influenced 2.2.1 The distinct contexts North European (Drummond Hou Miao 2001). Rather emperors 2001) culture. Places Asia Pacific Cities Miao (2001) contrast traditions embrace rule law citizens’ duty pride heritage countries value leadership loyalty individuals one’s family. Missing hall circle individual’s affairs directly concerned citizen example government. limited (p.10). (2010a) “in Confucianism East dictated predominantly obligations family between” 3) traditionally non-existent tightly state” purpose (the Dinh) Miao’s Hou’s statements. Instead emperor's domination historically expression visual aesthetic ignoring search rational idealistic solution impressive Design Guidelines Spaces funded Ministry Ngo (2005) guidelines fast-paced country. then famous worldwide categorises basic garden roadside greenery plaza he point corridor surface respectively. corridors link connect surfaces pleasant projects suggests surfaces greenery mountain terrains basis arrange attractiveness Neither Ngo’s Tran’s empirically grounded any Pham (2002). pays studies scholars acknowledge 2.2.2 Transformation emerged impulse scholars. researchers transformation. Their prime governor converted delving follows. Thomas papers 2001 2002 identifies apparent increasing formal Ba square Lake Dien Phu gatherings state potentially threatening state. Thomas’s emergence subversive non-state reflect changing Ku?rten changes mirrored finds actor leaving imprints spaces actors arisen engage (Ku?rten 2008): corporate increasingly negotiation contestation Based Square sociologists Hornidge (2011) demonstrate imagined populace. square supposed authorized host national ceremonial Liberation Day (30 April) Independence (2 September) Chi Minh’s birthday (5 September) representing state's domination. usage progressively challenged sealed off guards fences anymore turning re