Things are in the saddle and ride mankind Things are in the saddle and ride mankind captains of industry robber barons American Dream self-made man rags-to-riches …something must be done. We've got to turn this into some kind of victory some kind of constructive action. detectives push pull Golden Door. survival of the fittest. Social Darwinism. communist From Invention to Industrial Growth The Revolution was a time in history when people began make better tools and machines than ever before with the help of science. In doing so dramatically transformed their way life. Lone before this era had perfected four basic tools: fire which made possible cooking food smelting hardening metals making pottery bricks glass implements weapons such as ax knife plow so on transportation machines carts rowboats sailboats wagons domestication animals perform difficult labor like pulling plows these developments tens thousands years ago only slight improvements them life more similar from 1500 BC AD 1850 is now. But today have much control over things that they use but those same people. This new relationship between resulted in: larger population Earth food clothing gadgets living cities working uniform During Revolution American philosopher author Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote: meaning our possessions determine great extent we live. New Inventions Industries Britain late 1700s spread United States shortly after hit its peak last half 19th century. Early notable inventions influenced textile industry. industrialist Samuel Slater streamlined thread opened first large spinning mills East. Then Eli Whitney invented cotton gin sped up process by fibers could be into thread. He also concept interchangeable parts scale manufacturing many devices including farm implements sewing weapons rifles. At roughly time medicine (notably discovery concepts contagion vaccination antiseptics antitoxins) greatly increased number who lived through adulthood without being killed epidemic childhood diseases. Also during farming techniques changed crop outputs. Two type inventions—the invention fertilizers machinery steel plows seed drills tractors hay loaders aforementioned gin— improved both fertility lands productivity worked lands. More fed anyone thought. Around Civil War development Bessemer steel boon railroads. petroleum industry at extracting kerosene for use lamps provide light. Soon however Thomas Edison learning how create electrical power light bulbs. Other uses would found oil. And communication revolutionized typewriter hand-held camera telephone. Factory System effects were substantial. Overall industrialization standard most Industrialization encouraged workers leave farms work factories wages promise higher living. Workers money factory jobs farmers because goods mass produced cheaper buy. That easier some ways. For example imagine if you wanted pair shoes go one specialist your town them. fit feet exactly then spend few days week If cobbler (shoemaker) spent all his shoes do think he might charge them? Now today--you can walk any store buy factory-made took just minutes produce sold throughout world. Or order them online leaving house. Goods hand long expensive. consider fate cobbler. bit an artist pleased. When inexpensive mass-produced away business lost status craftsman converted industrial laborer reduced running machine day rather creating unique product. became himself--a cog mechanized process. You read While true it important what like--dangerous exhausting. century there weren't laws about workplace safety or someone should every day. Most period 12-16 hours day six week. There no holidays paid vacations sick leave. hurt job hired else. job dangerous equipment simple human error company did not take responsibility it. Depending particular occupation sunrise sunset hot overcrowded windows. Bells whistles signal end beginning shift. All done assembly line each separate connected others linear fashion. against child children composed 18% workforce countries. They conditions adults even less. Like adult counterparts limbs lives unsafe factories. 1800s. addition created demand machines. task largely taking too costly owner hire researchers figure out automate replace labor capital substitution. Over run less expensive unskilled once for. still happens robotics chief thief settings. Case Study- Railroads railroads part Revolution. establishment railroad companies construction continued operation brought profound social economic political change States. early federal government favored significantly. later regulated strictly. So rise provides textbook case role encouraging regulating business. shows followed diverse steam engine George Stephenson Britain. Railroad transport freight dropped cost moving market 70%. engines track rails imported By 1869 already biggest country. Even 1870s saw dramatic growth. Before 1871 45000 miles been laid. Between 1871 1900 another 170000 added nation's system. Much growth attributed building transcontinental 1862 Congress passed Pacific Railway Act authorized railroad. completed May 10 1869. additional eastern states Coast. Four five built assistance land grants. Receiving millions acres public Congress assured lay tracks sell proceeds helped companies finance Not assistance however. Smaller purchase private owners whom objected refused grant rights way. Laying among camps often very difficult. crews subjected extreme weather conditions across natural geographical features rivers canyons mountains desert. Although U.S. economy acted ways enriched themselves investors expense consumers. Some problems were: Small towns usually or two rail lines. Since provided services towns high shipping rates. short distances distances. especially farmers other small businesses depended ship goods. rival secretly join together set prices. gave special rebates discounts valued shippers beef oil companies. Politicians given free rides trains exchange favors. Many call stop greedy abusive practices 1887 Interstate Commerce Act. Among provisions Act It required publishing rates rebate customers illegal prohibited price discrimination markets. longer haul haul. addition direct influence transportation effect related industries. economy century included: (rails wheels engines cars bridges) wood (railroad ties passenger train stations) (building stations cars engines laying track bridges tunnels operating trains loading unloading freight led unions) Rise Big Business Robber Barons Captains Industry? Andrew Carnegie. J. Pierpont Morgan. John D. Rockefeller. Have heard names? These quite controversial time. admired becoming fabulously wealthy resented accumulations wealth. Carnegie penniless emigrated Scotland 1848 hard industry 1870s accumulated enough invest heavily bought suppliers well competition. 1900 company Carnegie Steel controlled almost entire sums Foundation exists today. fact wrote famous essay Gospel Wealth describes obligation charitable giving (philanthropy) upper class self-made rich. asserted essay wealthy entrepreneur must fortune good waste acquiring possessions. Morgan came since family bankers arranging loans expansion. As know needed lots investment fund projects build banks served needs. 1901 bank Carnegie's company. personally organized financial panic (what today recession) 1907. nation concerned man Rockefeller Standard Oil Company 1880 80% driving down prices put competitors able low wages workers. Once raised wealthy. foundation accomplished lot good. Because men complex figures vast money debate lifetimes goes Were power ruthlessly wiped competition advantage struggling workers? What makes business practices unfair innovation investment improvement everyone? Conditions Favorable claimed success earned smart practices. It's true existed contributed success. Consider following: regulatory agencies enforce regulations products processed meats. prohibiting labor. minimum wage. regulations. prohibit fixing. preventing monopolies. Labor unions yet powerful advocates limits pollutant emissions. Americans believe state governments (the doctrine known laissez-faire). big continued above change. Banks scope grew second either individually owned group partners. industries mechanized owners felt run efficiently competitively. To this One acquired form corporation- shares stock. Investors give corporation improve. does well investor gets share profits (through stock market). organization following advantages privately businesses: viewed loaning corporations risky partnerships. therefore likely loan businesses. loaned potential purchases. selling investors raise amounts (buy equipment factories) profitable. A risks (unlike own business). went bankrupt lose (i.e. are responsible paying corporation's debts). Horatio Alger Dream Americans despite origins achieve independence pays home secure. stories Jr. readers myth become rich- . because industrialized actually harder fates. perhaps unrealistic hope readers poor. His heroes poverty middle class. society nineteenth idea: “gospel wealth” idea about money-making used justify “captains industry.” Supporting idea Alger depicted ordinary rising quickly top. tension modest achievements average person chance wealth helps explain why deeply divided concentrations powers Mark Twain called “the gilded age-” age serious social hidden thin gold edge. Organization Plight Laborer protected laws it's image completely dependent employers treat legal support. mentioned earlier protections enjoy today- all- worker injured faulty fired. sued she prove fault accident. Child gender discrimination commonplace. miserable native immigrant crowded inner compete jobs. action. beginning pressure action mostly unions. Investigations bureaus workers' health abuses demands legislation North Massachusetts 1877. system inspections act produced workplaces. follows story fought won Triangle Fire Few illustrate heaped fire Shirtwaist Factory. Waist Company factory sometimes known “sweatshop” located York City. numerous workers materials necessary women’s blouses. Low excessively hours unsanitary typical factory. On Saturday afternoon March 25 1911 fast-moving broke top floors Asch Building occupied witnessed passers-by. unable exit escapes doors locked blocked out 146 500 employees died. Frances Perkins head Consumers' League (you will hear her later) tragedy place firsthand. She said event conclusion leaders experience Governor Al Smith soon standards York setting example rest nation. Laborers' Tools- Unions Their Strategies seen. feel strength numbers reforms 8-hour off rejected identified strategies overcome objections corporations. Gradually organize voluntary associations exert legislators conditions. 1866 200000 local Recognizing translate national movement activist named William Sylvis established nationwide organization National Union. union survive Panic 1873 members result Knights Labor Uriah Stephens leadership movement. admitted wage earners ranks women African Americans. 1886 fell favor International Day chapters strike demanding eight-hour rally Haymarket Square Chicago 4 threw bomb crowd. police officer died several crowd injured. never proven laborer member delivered bomb leader Terence Powderly condemned bombing minds associated anarchists mob violence. However year craft leader Gompers met Federation Labor. A.F. L. federation smaller unions masons' union hatmakers' Gompers's cigarmakers' union. A. F. Gompers president year except until death 1924. technique strike frequently theory that stopping work production forced satisfy workers’ demands. afraid 20000 strikes decades cases partially unsuccessful directed manufacturer Pullman Strike) Homestead Strike). Both turned violent hiring beat striking boycotts- avoiding products refusing laborers' non-union consumers support efforts nationwide. Immigrants Nation Cities Push/Pull Factors map left homes emigrate bad looked US laborers worse elsewhere. Sociologists study immigration identify factors- factors immigrants- Pull impression country afford lives. Life entered ports. Europeans East Coast stations Asia West 70 percent immigrants City Throughout 1800s arriving Castle Garden depot near tip Manhattan. 1892 processing center Ellis Island harbor. settled ports entry find inland. populous tried attract offering farming. move communities previous settlers homelands. experiences defined cities like? immigrants along poor migrants agricultural areas States ethnic enclaves. contained Chinatowns Germantowns Little Italies Greektowns. residents immersion foreign culture adjusting different setting—such urban rural—and encountering dominant language combined strong desire recreate familiar environment. recreation remembered homeland incoming single village province secure environment return after culture. cultural comfort enclaves appreciated actual varied. tenements- multi-family buildings apartments. inadequately heated winter hot summer. Water supplies inadequate. sanitation constant problems. devastating started burned 24 killing 300 destroying 17000 buildings. learned hard. Assimilation 20th least 50 immigrants. culture nations here? confident expectation citizens assimilated Indeed enduring ideas melting pot— places come intermingled rich mixed heritage. has providing basis widespread acceptance multicultural emerged centuries. newcomers transform demonstrating diversity unity source strength. Nativism feared assimilating fast enough. existence perceived prolong assimilation periods presence refusal immigrants’ loss linguistic heritage Italian German spoken streets cities. nativists. Nativism core simply belief native-born superior foreigners. seems contradict nation’s founding ideals. Enlightenment equality inclusiveness documents nativists seem conflict fundamental beliefs. Nonetheless supported nativist-inspired Americanization Movement- variety educational programs campaigns aimed turning foreigners passage Chinese Exclusion 1882. significant law restricted group. last see. Change Reflected Thought Writing Social Darwinism blowing civilization nothing organizing society massive creation wealth application science improve dramatically. lessons majority right away. Why get fantastically while struggled necessities? 1859 Charles Darwin published book Origin Species. may bigger trends thought evolution discussing biological evolution writers notably Herbert Spencer Graham Sumner picked thoughts applied societies- relations other. According Darwinism best adapted survive. adaptation governed (or God said) try selection others. individual responsibility seemed inferior stay Socialism probably understand comfortable world pretty offensive struggling. philosophy addressed needs poor though- socialism. briefly ownership resources view) owning privately. Further socialists distribute fairly do unequal distribution socialist Karl Marx him. Robert Owen British convinced pay fairer easier. 1824 attempted establish community Harmony Indiana. Victor Considerant follower French Fourier La Reunion northern Texas (now Dallas) 1855. agrarian ultimately failed idealistic perfect all. utopian (after Utopia 1516 Sir More) distinguish later. Marx Friedrich Engels Communist Manifesto 1848. coined word earlier socialists referred scientific socialists. Beginning 1867 Das Kapital critique unrestrained capitalist economics respects live under followers capitalism summarize follows: (capital) Mechanized Under capitalism wages. reinvest (money). predicted capitalism. concentrated fewer owners' hands. explained nature (like Rockefeller did about). controls segment another owns get. point oppressed rebel rid redistribute believed happened Middle Ages capitalists pushed aside feudal nobles assumed politics economics western Europe. reasoned dictate well. Marx's revolution place although followers. Something inside predict. learn Unit 4. large concern growing walks Christian religious Walter Rauschenbusch historically salvation individuals duty Christians movement born. rejected Darwinists claiming instead inequality caused greed failure protect vulnerable inspired Creed Churches accepted largest Protestant denominations. measures Sundays off disability insurance factories elimination responded lasting. young theology student 1950s future civil Martin Luther King Jr. aspects Journalism quarter literate inform issues reading circulation newspapers. newspaper publishers Joseph Pulitzer World Randolph Hearst San Francisco Examiner Morning Journal influential. news newspapers greater awareness shared happening know. Nellie Bly. Bly reporter World. Blackwell’s Island York’s notorious insane asylum treating patients cruelly. decided pose woman ten committed asylum. articles found horrifying.