Rebirth cultural greek baroque scholars improvement renaissance europe groundbreaker downfall resurgence middle historic period rejuvenation rehabilitation resuscitation medieval genius artistic type renewal church works revival italian modern culture holy trinity movement trailblazer ideas Renaissance dissection famously plasters segmental architecture monarchies economic woodcuts rise scholar painters humanism probity masterpiece city states late invention mathematics Machiavelli humanists pope henry family leo thomas martin merchants da marc reformation vinci 8th printing sir branches erasmus luther secular press indulgences medici germany philosophy atheism sixteenth subfields source admirer sui uniques aspects writing followers great compendium broadening dialogues topics important structure numerous roped immortality transform