Italya officially the Italian Republicb is a country in Southern12 and Western13c Europe. It located on peninsula that extends into middle of Mediterranean Sea with Alps its northern land border as well islands notably Sicily Sardinia.15 Italy shares borders France Switzerland Austria Slovenia two enclaves: Vatican City San Marino. tenth-largest Europe covering an area 301340 km2 (116350 sq mi)3 third-most populous member state European Union population nearly 60 million.16 Its capital largest city Rome other major urban areas include Milan Naples Turin Florence Venice. In antiquity was home to numerous peoples Latin Rome founded Kingdom became Republic conquered world ruled it for centuries Empire.17 With spread Christianity Rome seat Catholic Church Papacy. During Early Middle Ages experienced fall Western Roman Empire inward migration from Germanic tribes. By 11th century city-states maritime republics expanded bringing renewed prosperity through commerce laying groundwork modern capitalism.1819 The Renaissance flourished during 15th 16th rest explorers discovered new routes Far East New World leading Age Discovery. However rivalry infighting between left divided.20 17th 18th centuries economic importance waned significantly.21 After political territorial divisions almost entirely unified 1861 following wars independence Expedition Thousand establishing Kingdom Italy.22 From late 19th early 20th rapidly industrialized mainly north acquired colonial empire23 while south remained largely impoverished fueling large immigrant diaspora Americas.24 1915 1918 took part World War I Entente against Central Powers. 1922 fascist dictatorship established. II first Axis until surrender Allied powers (1940–1943) then co-belligerent Allies resistance liberation (1943–1945). Following war monarchy replaced by republic enjoyed strong recovery.25